Mathematics: Calculus Topics

 

- Differential Calculus- حساب التفاضل

*Functions and Graphs

*Limits of functions

*Continuity

*Derivatives

*Differentiation Functions of several variables

*Partial derivatives

*Application of Derivatives

- Integral Calculus - حساب التكامل

*Integration and Approximating areas

*Definite and Indefinite integral

*Line and surface integral

*Techniques of Integration

*Numerical integration

*Improper integrals

*Multiple integration

*Applications of Integration

- Differential Equations - المعادلات التفاضلية

*Formation of ordinary differential equations(ODE’S)

*First order Differential Equations

*Linear Second order Differential Equations

*Higher-order Linear Differential Equations

*Laplace Transforms

*Partial differential equations

*Applications of Differential Equations

Strategies of Integration Testing

Big Bang Approach:

In this approach, all component are integrated together at once and then tested, this approach convenient for small systems.

Incremental Approach

In this approach, testing is done by joining two or more modules that are logically related. Then the other related modules are added and tested for the proper functioning. The process continues until all of the modules are joined and tested successfully.

Incremental Approach, in turn, is carried out by two different Methods: Bottom Up, Top Down

Bottom-up Integration

In the bottom-up strategy, each module at lower levels is tested with higher modules until all modules are tested. It takes help of Drivers for testing

Top-down Integration:

In Top to down approach, testing takes place from top to down following the control flow of the software system.

Hybrid Integration

In the hybrid strategy is a combination of Top Down and Bottom up approaches. Here, top modules are tested with lower modules at the same time lower modules are integrated with top modules and tested. This strategy makes use of stubs as well as drivers.